Englisch LK

Abitur2020 Niedersachsen Wirtschaftsgymnasium

Grammatik

S

Stylistic devices

T

Tenses

T

The Passive

r

reported speech

L

Linking words (Connectors)

C

Character­ization

C

Common stylistic devices

Stylistic devices

You can find out more about stylistic devices here.

Tenses

You can find out more about tenses here.

The Passive

You can find out more about the passive here.

reported speech

You can find out more about reported speech here.

Linking words (Connectors)

Order

  • first, second, third (erstens, zweitens, …)
  • in the first place (erstens)
  • at first (zuerst)
  • as (als)
  • previous to (vorherig)
  • before (bevor)
  • next (als Nächstes)
  • while (während)
  • when (wann)
  • last (zuletzt)
  • later (später)
  • finally (schließlich)
  • at the beginning (am Anfang)
  • at the end (am Ende)
  • and then (und dann)
  • afterwards (anschließend)
  • after (danach)
  • after that (darauf)
  • during (während)

Adding

  • in addition (außerdem)
  • additionally (zusätzlich)
  • additive (zusätzlich)
  • extra (zusätzlich)
  • last but not least (zu guter Letzt)
  • furthermore (des Weiteren)
  • as well as (ebenso wie)
  • on top of this (außerdem)
  • also (auch, ebenfalls)
  • moreover (darüber hinaus, außerdem)
  • beyond that (darüber hinaus)
  • and (und)
  • besides (zudem, außerdem)
  • next (nächstes)

Contrasts

  • but (aber)
  • despite of (trotz)
  • however (trotzdem, dennoch)
  • although (obwohl)
  • after that (danach)
  • whereas (wohingegen)
  • in spite of (trotz)
  • whereas (hingegen)
  • still (trotzdem)
  • on the one hand … on the other hand (auf der einen Seite … auf der anderen Seite)
  • on the contrary (im Gegenteil)
  • though (obwohl)
  • in contrast to (im Gegensatz zu)
  • while (während, aber nicht zeitlich gemeint)
  • either…, or… (entwerder…, oder…)
  • even (sogar)

Underlining

  • undoubtedly (zweifellos)
  • indeed (in der Tat)
  • besides (außerdem)
  • obviously (offensichtlich)
  • on the whole (alles in allem)
  • in fact (tatsächlich)
  • clearly (eindeutig)
  • especially (besonders)

Exampels

  • for example (zum Beispiel)
  • for instance (beispielsweise)
  • by way of example (als Beispiel)
  • such as (wie zum Beispiel)
  • including (dazu gehören)
  • that is (das heißt)
  • namely (nämlich/und zwar)

Conclusions

  • thus (daher, demnach)
  • so (also)
  • finally (schließlich)
  • generally speaking (im Allgemeinen)
  • overall (insgesamt)
  • therefore (deshalb, deswegen)
  • to summarise (zusammenfassend)
  • on the whole (alles in allem)
  • altogether (insgesamt)
  • consequently (folglich)
  • for that reason (aus diesem Grund)
  • in summary (zusammenfassen)
  • in conclusion (schließlich)
  • as a result (demzufolge)
  • to sum it up (zusammenfassend)
  • to put it in a nutshell (um es auf den Punkt zu bringen)
  • in sum (in wenigen Worten)
  • all in all (alles in allem)
  • all things considered (im Großen und Ganzen)

Comparing

  • like (wie)
  • for instance (beispielsweise)
  • just as (genauso wie)
  • in contrast (im Gegensatz)
  • such as (wie etwa)
  • compared to (im Vergleich zu)
  • by comparison (im Vergleich)
  • just like (genau/so wie)
  • by way of example (als Beispiel)
  • similar to (ähnlich wie)
  • for once (ausnahmsweise)
  • includes (einschließlich)
  • this (dies)

Reasons

  • as (weil)
  • as a consequence (infolgedessen)
  • as a result (aufgrund dessen)
  • because (weil)
  • because of (aufgrund, wegen)
  • due to (aufgrund)
  • ergo (demzufolge)
  • since (da)
  • for the reason (aus dem Grund)
  • hence (daher)
  • in this way (auf diese Weise)
  • in consequence (als Folge)
  • this is why (deshalb)
  • therefore (daher)
  • thereby (dabei)
  • thus (dadurch)

Opinion

  • according to my opinion (nach meiner Meinung)
  • as far as I can see (nach meiner Ansicht)
  • I agree, but (ich stimme zu, aber)
  • I believe (ich glaube)
  • I disagree (ich stimme nicht zu)
  • I would say (ich würde sagen)
  • if you ask me (wenn du mich fragst)
  • in my estimation (meiner Einschätzung nach)
  • in my mind (meiner Meinung nach)
  • in my opinion (meines Erachtens)

Character­ization

  1. Introduction
    • show/film where the character appears
    • general information about him/her
  2. outer appearance
  3. at least three character traits
  4. Conclusion: sum up the result
  • Prove statements with quotes, explanations and examples
  • direct (explicit) Character traits are directly expressed by the author like "he shows sympathy"
  • indirect (implicit) Character traits are shown by behaviour like "she gives compliments" => nice
  • flat and round (complex) characters

Phrases

  • X appears to be...
  • X is mainly characterised by...
  • X has many positive/negative characteristics...
  • As fas as her character is concerned, it can be said...
  • Another essential quality of...
  • This behaviour indicates that...
  • This character trait becomes apparent when...

Common stylistic devices

stylistic device

description

author’s intention

accumulation The use of multiple similar words Underline a topic/idea
alliteration Multiple following words with the same sounding beginning character Focus on an aspect
anaphora repetition of the same word at the start of some sentences emphasize a topic/idea/statement
climax Expressions with an intensification/rise Focus on an aspects with a funny/ironic effect
comparison To compare Underlining something similar
Contrast Difference like hot and cold Focuses on differences
ellipsis Leave out words but meaning remains Emphasizes left out words
enumeration List of words to one topic Prove statement e.g. examples
hyperbole An obvious overstatement in a picture Convince / underline an opinion
irony Meaning the opposite Entertain/humour/critic
metaphor An indirect comparison (by using an picture) Comparing to things and showing their similarities
parallelism Repeating similar structures Entertain the reader
personification Giving human property to an object or animal like a smiling sun Demonstrating an idea or action
repetition Repeating a word family or structure Emphasize a statement
rhetorical question A question you don’t have to answer or the answer is given Underline a statement
sarcasm Mean irony Being mean + irony
simile Comparison with “like” or “as” Underline something similar
Symbol An object/place/action/person is something special like a pidgin for peace Give it more importance/weight